Memorandum #1
To: Nelson Mandell, Senior Partner
From: Gisselle Fajardo, Paralegal
Date: February 10, 2023
Re: Bates v. Workman, CIV-2023-101143
Question Presented
Corporation XYX is being sued over the design or engineering issues with their new 277 tennis balls. Information regarding the process of producing tennis balls has been requested. Information regarding if any industries or organizations are experts on tennis ball manufacturing was also requested.
Brief Answer
Tennis balls are composed of two components, rubber core and felt. Both of these components are vital to the effectiveness of a tennis ball. Industries and organizations that are experts on tennis ball manufacturing are Wilson, Penn, and Dunlop Sports. These companies have been manufacturing tennis balls for years and are highly recommended in the tennis community.
Facts
Wilson, a sporting goods company, is a sports equipment manufacturer located in the United States. According to them there are different components that affect the effectiveness of a tennis ball. Tennis balls are made of a rubber core and felt. Both of these components have the ability to impact the speed, bounce, and durability of a tennis ball. Wilson claims that the slightest modification to a tennis ball can make a difference.
Penn is a company that has been producing tennis balls for over 100 years. Their process for making a tennis ball begins by mixing a rubber compound with 11 chemical ingredients. These ingredients are mixed until they are one compound. Once this mixture is done it will be produced into pellets. These pellets are utilized to produce the core of the tennis ball. The rubber tennis ball cores are coated with an adhesive that will help the felt stick. The felt is also treated with an adhesive on the back. The felt is placed on the rubber core and you now have a tennis ball. Penn is very precise about their measurements and the quality of their materials. This allows for them to have consistent results and durability.
Dunlop produces the official tennis ball of the Australian Open Grand Slam. A tennis tournament located in Australia. They have been producing tennis balls for over 130 years. They are known for their quality and constant improvement of products.
Conclusion
The process to make a tennis ball is fairly simple but a lot of care is put into it. How a tennis ball is manufactured and the materials used will impact its effectiveness. There are many manufactures that take pride in their making of tennis balls.
Memorandum #2
To: Lawanda Sensorita, Deputy Attorney General
From: Gisselle Fajardo, Paralegal
Date: February 10, 2023
Re: In re Jane Doe, CIV-2023-603
Question Presented
Whether there is a scientific definition of gender. If gender change surgery is reversible and if so how difficult is the procedure. Is there a defined age of consent for a minor child under any surgical or medical treatment conditions? If there is anywhere in the world that the courts recognize that the minor child controls the voice of medical treatment.
Brief Answer
There is a scientific definition of gender. Gender refers to the societal characteristics we imply to one's sex. Gender change surgery can be reversible but there are long term changes. Age of consent for a minor child regarding surgical or medical treatment varies from state to state in the United states. In the state of Utah the age of consent for medical treatments is 18, with some exceptions.
Facts
According to Stedman's Medical Dictionary, a textbook used by various medical professionals, gender is “category to which an individual is assigned by self or others, on the basis of sex”. In order to understand this definition we must also know what the definition of sex is. Sex is defined as “the biological character or quality that distinguishes male and female”. Gender is the characteristics that you may have based on your sex (male or female).
Gender change surgery can be reversible but that is not to say that it is easy. When people transition and want to undo their gender reassignment surgery they will have to consult a medical professional. While it is obtainable your body will not return to what it once used to be. In some cases people remove and add genitalia resulting in permanent change. Hormones also have long term effects.
According to the Endocrine Societies guidelines they recommend children start puberty blockers at the age of 10, when they have reached a certain stage of development. While kids can start puberty blockers and other procedures to help with their transition a parent must be present. In the United States the age that a minor child can consent to surgical or medical treatment varies state to state. Although there are variations in every state the age of consent does not go below 18, unless there are special circumstances. According to Utah State Code 70B-3-405 any patient 18 years or older, emancipated minors, minors who have contacted a lawful marriage, and an unaccompanied homeless minor are allowed to make their own medical decisions. There are places that recognize the voice of a child regarding medical treatment. Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Luxembourg, and Sweden don't have a minimum age requirement. Instead they assess every situation and determine the maturity of the child.
Conclusion
While gender change surgery can be reversible, it involves significant long-term changes and requires medical consultation. Regarding the age of consent for minors in medical treatment, it varies across jurisdictions, with Utah setting the general age at 18 but allowing exceptions for specific circumstances. International perspectives show varying approaches, with some countries prioritizing assessing the maturity of minors rather than enforcing a strict minimum age requirement.
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